Micro/Nanofabrication, Assembly, and Actuation Based on Microorganisms: Recent Advances and Perspectives

Microorganisms become new sources for fabricating intricate micro/nano structures via bottom-up approaches. Produced from nature, microorganism biotemplates exhibit unique structural and material features over thousands of years revolution. They are considerably superior cost-effective complex heterogeneous when compared to other micro/nanofabrication techniques. Herein, the recent advances in biologically driven micro/nanofabrication, assembly, actuation based on microorganisms consolidated. Detailed development micro/nanoparticle fabrication, their ordered controlled properties, as well certain typical engineering application examples, mainly involved. The developing perspectives challenges microorganism-based also discussed, aiming inspire relevant researches promote this field.